Torispherical Head

Hemispherical VS Elliptical head

What are the differences Between Elliptical Head and Torispherical Heads?

Elliptical heads and torispherical heads are two types of products, so there is no doubt that they are different in terms of shape and design. In addition, there are also many differences in the machining process, and it is obvious that torispherical heads are much easier to machine. The ellipsoidal head is deformed under pressure, which means that it tends to produce opposite radial displacement in the joint. The torispherical head, on the other hand, is formed by the stamping process, which is basically not difficult.

The bending radius of ellipsoidal head is continuous and no stress is generated, so it can be used in higher pressure vessels; while the joint of disc-shaped head is discontinuous and stress exists, so this type of head is chosen for low pressure vessels. But as far as stress is concerned it is better to have ellipsoidal heads, but the metal consumption of torispherical heads will be lower.

Different shapes

Elliptical head, also called oval head, consists of half ellipsoidal sphere and cylindrical straight side part. It has the advantages of good force on the head of hemispherical head and shallow depth on the head of disc-shaped head. As the curvature of the elliptical bend is smooth and continuous, the stresses in the head are distributed relatively evenly.

The disc-shaped head, also known as a spherical head with sides. It consists of a spherical surface, a cylindrical straight edge of a certain height and a transition part which connects the above two parts and whose radius of curvature is smaller than the radius of the spherical surface.

Different forces

An elliptical head is stronger than a dished head, but an elliptical head of the same diameter is somewhat deeper than a dished one and is slightly more difficult to manufacture than a dished head. It consumes more materials and costs a bit more, and the difference in volume remains small.

Features

Pipe caps fit over or are welded onto the end of a pipe, providing a liquid or gas tight seal.

End Caps are used for connecting pipes of different diameters and find wide applications in various chemicals, construction industries, paper, cement & ship builders.

Pipe caps are widely well-known for the utmost output and outstanding results that it gives.

It is commonly made from the one steel plate, so it should be seamless. The pipe end caps are available in various shapes, like the hemispherical, oval, round etc.

Before purchasing pipe caps in bulk, the buyer should take into account a number of crucial criteria. The following crucial requirements must be taken into account:

NPT (National Pipe Thread) size

This characteristic is appropriate for caps with a round form when the item that has to be protected has a male NPT thread.

BSP (British Standard Pipe) size

This size choice is only appropriate for caps with a round form and a male BSP thread on the item to be capped.

Diameter

Only round caps and plugs may be made with this crucial size. The primary thread diameter is the most crucial factor to take into account when fittings have straight threads. However, when a cap, plug, or item to be capped has a tapered (NPT or BSP) thread, its size is not a crucial factor to take into account.

Shape

The size and shape of pipe caps are other crucial factors to take into account. distinct pipe caps have distinct features. Features include:

Round Caps: The flange, slotted head, knurled or faceted head, retaining head, and tear tab are all common characteristics of round caps. A flange is designed to make it simple to remove pipes or tubes or to provide additional protection. Additionally, flanges aid in preventing inadvertent plug ejection through the aperture. A screwdriver makes it simple to put on or take off slotted caps. Typically, only threaded caps and plugs are intended to be used with knurled or faceted heads. Installation and removal are hassle-free using facets or knurls. It is simple to remove pipe caps that have a tear-tab or strip supplied.

Square or Rectangular Cap: When choosing a square or rectangular cap, the length and breadth should be taken into account the most. For square caps, the length and breadth are the same dimension, but the width is the smaller cross sectional measurement for rectangular caps.

Size

End cap is commonly made from the one steel plate, so it should be seamless. The pipe end caps are available in various shapes, like the hemispherical, oval, round etc.

Size range: 1/2 to 56 inches (DN15 to DN1400)

Pressure: SCH5 to SCH160v

Wall Thickness:sch10, sch20, sch30, std, sch40, sch60, xs, sch80, sch100, sch120, sch140, sch160, xxs, sch5s, sch20s, sch40s, sch80s

Max. wall thickness: 200mm

Size range of A234 WPB large diameter eipe cap

Based on different materials, pipe caps include carbon steel cap, stainless steel cap, and alloy steel cap etc.

Depending on their construction, pipe caps contain threaded cap, tapered cap and anti-roll cap etc.

End Caps DIN 2617 dimensions standard

DIN 28011 pipe end cap dimensions

ISO - dimensions

Metric dimensions

Cap geometry

Theoretical weight of cap fittings

ASME American Society for Mechanical Engineers

This is one of the reputed organizations in the world developing codes and standards.
The schedule number for pipe fitting starts from ASME/ANSI B16. The various classifications of ASME/ANSI B16 standards for different pipe fittings are as follows:

• ASME/ANSI B16.1 – 1998 – Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
• ASME/ANSI B16.3 – 1998 – Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
• ASME/ANSI B16.4 – 1998 – Cast Iron Threaded Fittings
• ASME/ANSI B16.5 – 1996 – Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
• ASME/ANSI B16.11 – 2001 – Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
• ASME/ANSI B16.14 – 1991 – Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe Threads
• ASME/ANSI B16.15 – 1985 (R1994) – Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings
• ASME/ANSI B16.25 – 1997 – Buttwelding Ends
• ASME/ANSI B16.36 – 1996 – Orifice Flanges etc.

ASTM International American Society for Testing and Materials

This is one of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world. It was originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

• ASTM A105/A105M – Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications
• ASTM A234/A234M – Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service
• ASTM A403/A403M – Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
• ASTM A420/A420M – Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service

AWWA: American Water Works Association

AWWA About – Established in 1881, the American Water Works Association is the largest nonprofit, scientific and educational association dedicated to managing and treating water, the world’s most important resource.

• AWWA C110 – Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings, 3 Inch Through 48 Inch (75 mm Through 1200 mm), for Water and Other Liquids
• AWWA C208 – Dimensions for Fabricated Steel Water Pipe Fittings

ANSI The American National Standards Institute

ANSI is a private, non-profit organization. Its main function is to administer and coordinate the U.S. voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. It provides a forum for development of American national standards. ANSI assigns “schedule numbers”. These numbers classify wall thicknesses for different pressure uses.

MSS STANDARDS: Manufacturers Standardization Society

The Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS) of the Valve and Fittings Industry is a non-profit technical association organized for development and improvement of industry, national and international codes and standards for: Valves, Valve Actuators, Valve Modification, Pipe Fittings, Pipe Hangers, Pipe Supports, Flanges and Associated Seals

• MSS SP-43 – Wrought Stainless Steel Butt-Welding Fittings Including Reference to Other Corrosion Resistant Materials
• MSS SP-75 – Specifications for High Test Wrought Buttwelding Fittings
• MSS SP-73 – Brazing Joints for Copper and Copper Alloy Pressure Fittings
• MSS SP-83 – Class 3000 Steel Pipe Unions, Socket-Welding and Threaded
• MSS SP-97 – Integrally Reinforced Forged Branch Outlet Fittings — Socket Welding, Threaded, and Buttwelding Ends
• MSS SP-106 – Cast Copper Alloy Flanges and Flanged Fittings Class 125,150, and 300
• MSS SP-119 – Factory-Made Wrought Belled End Socket Welding Fittings

Difference between “Standard” and “Codes”

Piping codes imply the requirements of design, fabrication, use of materials, tests and inspection of various pipe and piping system. It has a limited jurisdiction defined by the code. On the other hand, piping standards imply application design and construction rules and requirements for pipe fittings like adapters, flanges, sleeves, elbows, union, tees, valves etc. Like a code, it also has a limited scope defined by the standard.

Factors affecting standards

“Standards” on pipe fittings are based on certain factors like as follows:

• Pressure-temperature ratings
• Size
• Design
• Coatings
• Materials
• Marking
• End connections
• Dimensions and tolerances
• Threading
• Pattern taper etc.

BSP British Standard Pipe

BSP is the U.K. standard for pipe fittings. This refers to a family of standard screw thread types for interconnecting and sealing pipe ends by mating an external (male) with an internal (female) thread. This has been adopted internationally. It is also known as British Standard Pipe Taper threads (BSPT )or British Standard Pipe Parallel (Straight) threads (BSPP ). While the BSPT achieves pressure tight joints by the threads alone, the BSPP requires a sealing ring.

JIS Japanese Industrial Standards

This is the Japanese industrial standards or the standards used for industrial activities in Japan for pipe, tube and fittings and published through Japanese Standards Associations.

NPT National Pipe Thread

National Pipe Thread is a U.S. standard straight (NPS) threads or for tapered (NPT) threads. This is the most popular US standard for pipe fittings. NPT fittings are based on the internal diameter (ID) of the pipe fitting.

BOLTS & NUTS

We are manufacturer of Flange bolts & Nuts and supply high quality

• A193 = This specification covers alloy and stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels, Valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications.
• A320 = Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature Service.
• A194 = Standard specification for nuts in many different material types.

AN Here, “A” stands for Army and “N” stands for Navy

The AN standard was originally designed for the U.S. Military. Whenever, a pipe fitting is AN fittings, it means that the fittings are measured on the outside diameter of the fittings, that is, in 1/16 inch increments.

For example, an AN 4 fitting means a fitting with an external diameter of approximately 4/16″ or ¼”. It is to be noted that approximation is important because AN external diameter is not a direct fit with an equivalent NPT thread.

Dash (-) size

Dash size is the standard used to refer to the inside diameter of a hose. This indicates the size by a two digit number which represents the relative ID in sixteenths of an inch. This is also used interchangeably with AN fittings. For example, a Dash “8” fitting means an AN 8 fitting.

ISO International Organization for Standardization

ISO is the industrial pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications from the International Organization for Standardization. ISO standards are numbered. They have format as follows:

“ISO[/IEC] [IS] nnnnn[:yyyy] Title” where

• nnnnn: standard number
• yyyy: year published, and
• Title: describes the subject

General standard

Wide variety for all areas of application